Authors

Abstract

Research on electric tractors has expanded rapidly; however, previous reviews have generally examined energy sources, powertrains, intelligent control, and supporting infrastructure separately. This narrative review establishes an integrated technology-chain framework encompassing energy supply, electric drive systems, energy management, power take-off (PTO) and hitch control, autonomous operation, simulation, standardization, and industrial deployment. The available evidence was synthesized and compared in terms of system performance, advantages, limitations, and technological maturity. The results indicate that battery-electric systems can reduce energy consumption and life-cycle environmental impacts but remain constrained by limited operating endurance, high battery costs, thermal-safety risks, and insufficient charging capacity. Hybrid and fuel-cell powertrains offer greater adaptability to varying operating conditions but introduce additional system complexity. Future research should prioritize standardized duty cycles, integrated simulation frameworks, modular energy-replenishment systems, reliability testing, and interoperability standards.

Abstract in Chinese

针对电动拖拉机续航不足、核心技术分散、智能化适应性差等现实瓶颈，本研究旨在厘清产业发展障碍与技术突破方向，为农业装备电气化转型、助力农业“双碳”目标实现提供理论与技术支撑。通过文献梳理与对比分析，系统梳理电动拖拉机技术演进脉络，对比国内外发展格局与技术路线差异，剖析多元动力、核心技术体系及智能化控制技术研究进展，归纳产业发展突出问题。明确了国内外在技术路线、功率覆盖等方面的核心差异；厘清了油电混动等多元动力技术适用场景，拓展了能源供给体系认知；梳理出动力电池、电驱动等核心技术优化路径，形成可落地方案；识别出智能化技术田间应用短板，提升其农业工况适配性；定位技术、零部件、基础设施等层面瓶颈，提出产业化实施路径。电动拖拉机在多元动力与智能化技术领域已取得显著进展，但仍存续航不足、三电系统协同性差、核心零部件依赖进口等问题。未来需以专用化、协同化、智能化、产业化为核心，构建标准化产业体系，完善农村电动化基础设施，推动其产业化与实用化发展。